Purpose: This study was conducted with the purpose of exploring the discontinuation and countinuation factors of taekwondo kyorugi referee’s activities. Methods: The data providers of this study were 77 kyorugi referees. An open questionnaire was developed based on prior research, expert review, and preliminary survey, and used for data collection, and results were derived using inductive content analysis. Results: A total of 117 raw data were collected for the discontinuation factors of taekwondo kyorugi referee’s activities to quit and commonly categorized as stress within the organization, backlash against the judgment, activity burden, and judgment burden. A total of 127 raw data were collected for the continuation factors of taekwondo kyorugi referee’s activities to quit and commonly categorized as event attachment, job satisfaction, friendly colleague relationship, and personal benefit. Conclusion: In order to maintain the kyorugi referee's activity of the competition, it it is necessary to establish a transparent culture within the organization, respect among taekwondo field members, treatment improvement, and strengthen pride in the taekwondo.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that constituted cognitive performance in squash players across high school, college, and amateur levels. Furthermore, the study aimed to develop a reliable and valid scale for cognitive performance based on a Delphi survey. Methods: To achieve this, previous domestic and international studies were reviewed. Additionally, a panel of squash experts, consisting of 14 coaches and 16 players, was selected for a three-round Delphi survey. In order to determine the adequacy of the assessment scale, the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) was set to .33 or higher, the Agreement Index to .75 or higher, the Convergence Index to 0 to .5, and the Coefficient of Variation (CV) to .5 or lower for the items. Results: The study classified these into five general domains: psychological, physical, strategic, technical, and environmental, along with 35 specific sub-domains. Subsequently, working with six experts, including a sports psychology professor, 46 preliminary items were created. These initial 46 items were formatted using a 5-point Likert scale, and in the second Delphi validation, 9 items were removed, resulting in 37 items. These 37 items were then restructured using a 7-point Likert scale for the third Delphi validation, during which 5 items were eliminated. Ultimately, a perceived performance scale for squash players, comprising 32 items and 5 factors, was developed. Conclusion: It is anticipated that the identified components of perceived performance in squash players, as revealed through this study, will contribute to enhancing players’ performance. By incorporating these components into training program design and self-assessment, it is expected that improvements in performance can be achieved.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify the construct validity and reliability of the shorten Telic-Paratelic dominance scale and to predict sports participation behavior in high school students. Methods: This study was conducted on 1st and 2nd graders attention high schools in B city of Korea. A total of 394 students(207 male, 187 female) participated in this study. The validity of the shorten Telic-Paratelic dominance scale was analyzed by excluding one of sub-factor(Impulsive oriented) from the previous study(Lee, 2018). Furthermore, the reliability predictions on the sports participation behavior were also analyzed. Results: The 6-factors structure of shorten Telic-Paratelic dominance scale have verified through the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. From the multiple regression analysis, the ‘adventure oriented’ of Paratelic dominance showed a positive relationship with high arousal level of sports events, and the ‘future oriented’ of Telic dominance showed a negative relationship with high level of arousal sports events. Conclusion: The construct validity of the shorten Telic-Paratelic dominance scale have verified, and it significantly predicted high school students’sports participation behavior.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of internalized shame on multidimensional perfectionism and self-control in college athletes. Methods: For analysis, the researcher conducted a survey using the Internalized Shame Scale (ISS), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), and Self-Control Rating Scale (SCS) targeting 294 athletes from K University and D University who registered as athletes of the Korea Sports Council. Results: First, as a result of analyzing the effect of internalized shame on multidimensional perfectionism, self-orientation was negatively affected by inadequacy, yet mistake anxiety showed positive effects. Emptiness positively affected to social prescribing, and other-orientation was negatively affected by both self-punishment and emptiness emotion. Second, as a result of analyzing the influence of internalized shame on self-control, the inadequacy had a positive correlation with the pursuit of immediate satisfaction, and mistake anxiety had a negative. The long-term satisfaction pursuit was negatively affected by self-punishment, and mistake anxiety was found to have a positive effect. Finally, as a result of analyzing the influence of multidimensional perfectionism tendencies on self-control, the pursuit of long-term satisfaction got positive correlations to self-orientation, social prescribing, and others-orientation. Conclusion: The study addressed a significant correlation between internalized shame, multidimensional perfectionism, and self-control. Expanding the scope of research to various subjects will be necessary for the future study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the components of physical self-concept of sports athletes, to construct a preliminary scale, and to explore the conceptual structure of physical self-concept embedded in the items. Methods: A total of 185 male and female athletes (open type: 63, exploratory factor: 122) in early adulthood(20∼29 years old) with more than three years of experience were surveyed, and open questions were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Based on this, preliminary questions were extracted and exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Results: First, 177 primary data were derived from the current thoughts on one’s body, 27 secondary data were divided into detailed areas, and 12 general areas were identified as physical strength, flexibility, endurance, agility, quickness, balance, pain, body fat, physique, health, body confidence, and sports competence, and 98 preliminary questions were extracted. Second, as a result of exploratory factor analysis to find out whether the correlation of the sample is appropriate for factor analysis, the KMO value was .781, and Bartlett’s sphericity test statistic value was 3180.425 (df=465, p=.000), which was significant at the significance level of .01, so the correlation matrix was suitable for factor analysis. The cumulative variance was 82.543% and the internal consistency reliability was .721 to .967, and the final factors were agility, body balance, flexibility, pain perception, cardiopulmonary endurance, injury management, overall body, nutrition management, and body fat 9 factors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between coaches’ perceived health, job satisfaction, and learned helplessness, and to provide a framework for improving the treatment of coaches and advancing research related to coaches by examining the mediating effect of job satisfaction. Methods: Data were collected from 176 coaches registered in the Korean Sport and Olympic Committee through convenience sampling, which is a non-probability sampling method, and results were obtained through confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, and mediating effect analysis using regression analysis. Results: First, the independent variable, perceived health, was negatively related to the dependent variable, learned helplessness. Second, the independent variable, perceived health, was positively related to the mediating variable, job satisfaction. Third, the mediating variable, job satisfaction, was negatively related to the dependent variable, learned helplessness. Fourth, the inclusion of the mediator, job satisfaction, reduced the effect of the independent variable, perceived health, on learned helplessness. Fifth, as a result of examining the statistical significance of the mediating effect of job satisfaction, the indirect effect was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The results of this study show that coaches’ health is a significant predictor of learned helplessness, a negative psychological variable, and that maintaining adequate personal health can prevent learned helplessness by increasing job satisfaction. Therefore, the results of this study can serve as a starting point for further research on learned helplessness in athletic coaches, especially in relation to coaches’ negative psychological status.

Purpose: This study aims to develop the Sports Post Traumatic Stress Inventory (SPSI). Methods: For this process, items were developed based on major theories and preceding studies, including DSM-5, and 89 preliminary items for 9 factors were developed through the process of securing content and facial validity. Results: After explaining the purpose and significance of this study to 476 athletes, consent was obtained and the questionnaire was conducted. Based on the collected data, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to finally develop 49 items in 3 areas and 10 factors. Conclusion: The sports post-traumatic stress Inventory developed through this study proved to be a reliable and valid test. Therefore, this study will be valuable as it can provide basic data for post-traumatic stress research in the field of sports. In addition, it is judged that players and officials can properly cope with post-traumatic stress situations in the sports field, which will help a healthy athlete’s life.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to confirm the serial multiple mediating effects of everyday creativity and learning transfer on the relationship between socio-cognitive mindfulness and sports performance of youth athletes. Methods: The study involved 404 youth athletes registered with the Korea Sports Association. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, structural equation model, bootstrapping, and phantom variables. Results: As a result, firstly, socio-cognitive mindfulness does not have a significant impact on sports performance. Secondly, it was confirmed that in the relationship between socio-cognitive mindfulness and sports performance, everyday creativity exhibits a complete mediating effect. Thirdly, it was judged that the mediating effect of learning transfer was not established because socio-cognitive mindfulness did not directly affect learning transfer and sports performance. Fourthly, it was established that in the relationship between socio-cognitive mindfulness and athletic performance, both everyday creativity and learning transfer have multiple mediating effects. Conclusion: The socio-cognitive mindfulness of youth athletes effectively enhances perceived sports performance by promoting learning transfer based on creative thinking.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a baseball pitcher self-efficacy test paper. It was intended to develop a test paper that reflected the specificity of the event and the specific skills of the pitcher and verify the content validity, structural validity, discrimination and prediction validity, and reliability. Methods: Five leaders and researchers formed a meeting of experts and developed it on a ratio scale that measures the strength of the initial 12 questions, 0-100%, and 10%. Data was collected from 318 middle, high school, and university baseball players registered with the Korea Baseball Softball Association, and descriptive statistics, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, independent t-test, correlation and regression analysis were performed using SPSS and AMOS programs. Results: The developed pitcher self-efficacy test paper is a single factor of 9 questions in total. One question distributed from the initial 12 questions, one question with a low factor loading value in exploratory factor analysis, and one question that was a problem with multicollinearity in the question internal correlation were deleted. The variance of a single factor was 62.743%. Reliability Cronbach’ α was high at .917. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the overall fitness index was acceptable. The developed questions distinguished excellent and non-excellent players based on ERA and Whip. The total self-efficacy of the pitcher explained high perceived performance at 48.7%, securing predictive validity. Conclusion: The pitcher’s self-efficacy test developed in this study is valuable as a field-oriented tool that can be useful for pitcher confidence-enhancing training and goal setting, leader’s player management, psychological measurement and diagnosis of sports psychological counselors, and psychological training.

Purpose: This study aims to verify the multiple mediating effects of grit and depression on the relationship between exercise time and smartphone dependency in elementary school students. It emphasizes the need to enhance participation in physical activity to alleviate the increasing issue of smartphone overdependency. Methods: To achieve this, we utilized data from the third-year panel of Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 (KCYPS 2018) provided by the National Youth Policy Institute in Korea. A total of 2,364 participants (male: 1,179, female: 1,185) were included, and a multiple mediation model analysis was conducted. Results: The results revealed that elementary school students’ exercise time negatively predicted smartphone dependency, and there were significant indirect effects of grit and depression in the relationship between these two variables. Furthermore, the statistical significance of a sequential mediating model predicting smartphone dependence through exercise time, grit, and depression was confirmed. Conclusion: By increasing exercise time, it is possible to reduce elementary school students' dependency on smartphones, and such effects may also manifest indirectly through the elevation of grit or the reduction of depression. Additionally, the increased grit resulting from extended exercise time could contribute to lowering the level of depression, leading to an anticipated decrease in smartphone dependency among elementary school students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of explicit and implicit motor learning using external-attention cues on the accuracy of putting performance in a competitive anxiety situation. Methods: We randomly assigned 36 beginners to 12 explicit, 12 implicit, and 12 control groups to acquire putting skills. Afterwards, 5 m putting performance was measured in a competition situation in which competitive anxiety was manipulated. Results: In the short-term experimental process, the acquisition of putting skills through explicit learning was found to be faster than that of the implicit learning and control groups. Explicit learning showed similar performance accuracy in both non-competition and competition, but in the case of implicit learning, it was confirmed that as the level of competitive anxiety increased, accuracy increased similar to explicit learning. In the case of consistency, like accuracy, consistency increased as the anxiety level increased in implicit learning, and in the case of explicit learning, consistency decreased as the anxiety level increased. Conclusion: Performance knowledge of explicit learning using external-attention cues has been shown to help perform functions during the acquisition process, but there is a possibility that it may hinder performance in situations of competitive anxiety. On the other hand, it was confirmed that motor skills learned through implicit learning have the potential to be a more effective skill learning method in competitive anxiety situations.